The 2-minute check-in

Where the numbers come from

The check-in’s reads reference developmental ranges from published research. The sources are listed here in full. The reads are general education and are never a diagnosis.

1. Crowe, K., & McLeod, S. (2020). Children’s English consonant acquisition in the United States: A review. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29(4), 2155–2169. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_AJSLP-19-00168
2. McLeod, S., & Crowe, K. (2018). Children’s consonant acquisition in 27 languages: A cross-linguistic review. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 27(4), 1546–1571. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_AJSLP-17-0100
3. Coplan, J., & Gleason, J. R. (1988). Unclear speech: Recognition and significance of unintelligible speech in preschool children. Pediatrics, 82(3), 447–452.
4. Gordon-Brannan, M., & Hodson, B. W. (2000). Intelligibility/severity measurements of prekindergarten children’s speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 9(2), 141–150.
5. McLeod, S., Harrison, L. J., & McCormack, J. (2012). The Intelligibility in Context Scale: Validity and reliability of a subjective rating measure. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55(2), 648–656.
6. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Late Language Emergence [Practice Portal]. Criteria per Paul (1991) and Rescorla (1989). https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/late-language-emergence/
7. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Practice Portal topics: Childhood Apraxia of Speech; Fluency Disorders; Social Communication Disorder; Spoken Language Disorders. https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/
8. Nouraey, P., Ayatollahi, M. A., & Moghadas, M. (2021). Late language emergence: A literature review. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2021.21.02.005
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022). Developmental milestone checklists, revised with the American Academy of Pediatrics. Milestones reflect what 75 percent of children can do.
10. Zhao, Z., Zheng, L., Huang, X., Li, C., Liu, J., & Hu, Y. (2021). Effects of mouth breathing on facial skeletal development in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health, 21(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01458-7
11. Sotero Grande, E., et al. (2026). Mouth breathing and craniofacial development in children: A systematic narrative review and clinical implications. Healthcare, 14(12), 1737. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14121737
12. Association between mouth breathing and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review (2026). European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-025-09999-1
13. Mouth breathing and obstructive sleep apnea in children: An umbrella review (2025). https://www.mdpi.com/2694-2526/51/2/13
14. The impact of mouth breathing on dentofacial development: A concise review (2022). Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 929165. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.929165
15. Cognitive and behavioral consequences of sleep disordered breathing in children. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5753659/
16. Mouth breathing and orthodontic intervention: Does the evidence support keeping our mouths shut? (2025). American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.